Chapter 322 Travel to the Western Regions

Around the fifth century BC, the Western Regions began to prosper gradually. The Western Regions countries took advantage of their local advantages in the key communication routes between the East and the West to develop gradually. Under the jurisdiction of the Western Han Dynasty, the economic and cultural morality of the countries has developed greatly.

The Western Regions formed a country around the 5th century in the verified history and began to develop independently.

"Book of Han·Biography of the Western Regions" records that more than 30 countries were distributed in the Western Regions at that time, so there was a saying that the thirty-six countries in the Western Regions were said. Before Zhang Qian opened up the Western Regions, the Xiongnu had always dominated the countries in the Western Regions. By the Han Dynasty, the administrative agency, the Western Regions had more than 36 countries under the jurisdiction of the Western Regions. "Book of Han·Biography of the Western Regions" also records that the Central and Western Regions split into more than 50 countries in the first six to five years. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Western Regions countries continued to annex each other, and by the early years of the Jin Dynasty, several major countries such as Shanshan and Cheshi formed a situation of the rise of several major countries. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the situation in the Western Regions changed again. The emerging Gaochang Kingdom successively defeated the Western Regions countries and established a powerful country that crossed most of Xinjiang. Except for a few countries, the territory of the Western Regions moved westward, bringing prosperity to the Central Asian region.

The Western Regions Protectorate is located in Luntai County, Bayingoleng Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture (Bazhou for short), and is a combination of Yeyungou Township and Cedaya Township. The Western Regions Protectorate is 113 kilometers away from Korla City, 58 kilometers away from Luntai County, and has an altitude of 999 meters. It has now been designated as a tourist spot in Bayingoleng, attracting many Chinese and foreign tourists.

The second year of Emperor Xuan of Han (60 BC), the Western Regions Protectorate was established here, named Wuleicheng (formerly known as Luntai Kingdom). It was the political, economic, cultural and military center of the thirty-six countries in the Western Regions at that time. At that time, the Western Regions Protectorate was appointed by the emperor himself, and was replaced every three years (and some were extended and shortened) and never stopped. According to the "Book of Han", there were 18 consecutive people in the Western Han Dynasty, among which the biography can be verified. The famous historical names in Zheng Ji, Zheng Xuan, Gan Yanshou, Duan Huizong, Lian Bao, and Han Li.Guo Shun, Sun Jian, Li Chong, Dan Qin and ten others. At that time, Luntai was a city-state, and the Protectorate directly ruled it, which was equivalent to the current capital. It seemed to have a little more power than other oasis city-states and nomadic countries. The King of Luntai was personally summoned by the emperor many times. The Han Dynasty also set up administrative, military and institutions such as the garrison and the garrison-level garrison-level garrison-level garrison-level garrison-level garrison-level garrison-level garrison-level garrison-level garrison-level garrison-level garrison-level garrison-level garrison-level garrison-level garrison-level garrison-level garrison-level garrison-level garrison-level garrison-level garrison-level garrison-level garrison-level garrison-level garrison-level garrison-level garrison-level garrison-level garrison-level garrison-level garrison-level garrison-level garrison-level garrison-level garrison-level garrison-level garrison-level garrison-level garrison-level garrison-level garrison-level garrison-level garrison-level garrison-level garrison-level garrison-level garrison-level garrison-level garrison-level garrison-level garrison-level garrison-level garrison-level garrison-level garrison-level garrison-level garrison-level garrison-level garrison-level garrison-level garrison-level garrison-level garrison-level garrison-level garrison-level garrison-level

The Western Regions belonged to the Han Dynasty since the reign of Emperor Wu of Han, Liu Che. The thirty-six countries of the Western Regions were Qiang, Loulan (Zhanshan), Qiemo, Xiaowan, Jingjue, Ronglu, Jue, Qule, Yutian, Pishan, Wuzhan, Xiye, Zihe, Puli, Yinai, No Thunder, Nandou, Dayuan, Taohuai, Xiuxun, donated poison (now Wucha County), Shache, Shule, Weitou, Gumo (now Aksu County), Wensu (now Wushi County), Kucha (now Kuche County), Yuli, Weixu, Yanqi, Gushi (Cheshi), Moshan, Jie, Huhu, Quli, Wulei, among the thirty-six countries, some were nomadic tribes, and the other was a country with city walls. At that time, Khotan, Yanqi, Shule were the three powerful countries in the Western Regions.

At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Wang Mang usurped the throne and the Central Plains riots. The Huns took the opportunity to rule the Western Regions. People of all ethnic groups could not bear the abuse of taxes and heavy harshness. They asked Emperor Wu of the Eastern Han Dynasty three times. The kings of the 18 countries sent their son to Luoyang to study as hostages and sincerely oath, demanding that they belong to the Central Plains. When Liu Xiu was not yet stable in his foothold, he reluctantly moved the Western Regions Protectorate to Kucha Gancheng (now in Xinhe County)

During the Western Han Dynasty, the vassal commander was mostly given the title of other official titles, and the rank was 2,000 stones. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, Emperor Wu and Emperor Zhao often stationed in Quli and Luntai, and appointed envoys to provide for the envoys to come and go. In the second year of Dijie of Emperor Xuan, Zheng Ji sent his assistant to the Quli and Li to compete with the Xiongnu for the Cheshi. He was promoted to Sima Wei and sent to protect the countries west of Shanshan. In the second year of Zhishenju, the Xiongnu rushed to the king and surrendered to the Han Dynasty. Zheng Ji sent troops to welcome him. The North Road was also connected, so Zheng Ji was appointed as the Cavalry Commander and the West of the Cheshi.The countries were in charge of the north and south, so they were called the Protector. The Protector started here. During the Western Han Dynasty, the Protector was under the Wulei City (now northeast of Luntai, Xinjiang), which was similar to the Qulitian Officer. The Protector was the Protector. The Protector was the Protector. The Protector opened the shogunate. The Protector had the deputy lieutenant, with a rank of 2,000 stones, one chief, Sima, Hou, and two thousand people. The Protector was in command of Dayuan (now the Fergana Basin in Russia) and its eastern city walls and inspected Wusun (Yili River Basin), Kangju (now the middle reaches of the Sir River). He issued court orders. The countries were in chaos and had to send troops to conquer. Wusun married the Han Dynasty, so he relied on the Protector. From Zhengji to Wangmang, he even had the Protector. There were 18 people in front and behind, and ten people whose names were found in history. During Emperor Xuan, there were Zhengji, Han Xuan, Gan Yanshou, and Duan Hui during Emperor Cheng.Zong, Han Li, Lian Bao, Guo Shun, there was Sun Jian during Emperor Ping, Dan Qin, Li Chong during the Xinmang period. At the end of Xinmang, Li Chong was in chaos in the Western Regions, and Li Chong was detained in Kucha, so he abolished the guardian. In the 21st year of Jianwu of Emperor Guangwu in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the 18 countries in the Western Regions requested to regain the guardian. Emperor Guangwu refused. In the 17th year of Yongping in the Ming Dynasty, Chen Mu was appointed as the guardian. The following year, Yanqi and Kucha rebelled, and the collective attacked and killed Chen Mu, so he abolished the guardian. In the third year of Yongyuan of Emperor He, the military commander Ban Chao pacified the Western Regions, and then Ban Chao was appointed as the guardian and stationed in Kucha in the territory of Kucha (now near Kuche, Xinjiang, and its location was not found). In the 14th year, Ban Chao returned to Luoyang, and the successor was Ren Shang, Duan Xi and Emperor An in the first year of Yongchu, the Western Regions were in chaos, and the Conquest Xi returned. Since then, no guardian was relocated. Until the second year of Yanguang, Ban Yong (the son of Ban Chao) was appointed as the chief of the Western Regions, and the Western Regions were repent, and then the Chief of the State Administration of the State Administration was regained the Western Regions, and then the Chief of the State Administration of the State Administration of the State Administration of the State Administration of the State Administration of the State Administration of the State Administration of the State Administration of the State Administration of the State Administration of the State Administration of the State Administration of the State Administration of the State Administration of the State Administration of the State Administration of the State Administration of the State Administration of the State Administration of the State Administration of the State Administration of the State Administration of the State Administration of the State Administration of the State Administration of the State Administration of the State Administration of the State Administration of the State Administration of the State Administration of the State Administration of the State Administration of the State Administration of the State Administration

In the second year of Emperor Xuan of the Western Han Dynasty (68 BC), Zheng Ji sent his minister to the land of Quli (now Weili area in Xinjiang) to compete with the Xiongnu for the Eastern Division and to protect the security of the countries west of Shanshan. In the second year of Zhishenjue (60 BC), the Xiongnu surrendered to the Han Dynasty every day. Zheng Ji sent troops to welcome him. Emperor Xuan ordered Zheng Ji to supervise the security of Cheshi's countries in the northwest (north DA). Because he led two roads, he was called the Protector. Since then, the Protector became the official title of the highest official sent to the Western Han Dynasty to the Western Regions. The Protector of the Western Regions was 2,000 stones, which was equivalent to the county magistrate in the mainland. It had a deputy magistrate, Cheng, Sima and other subordinates. The establishment of the Protector of the Western Regions ensured the smooth flow of the Silk Road, strengthened the unity and economic and cultural exchanges among the nations, and marked the formal accession of the Western Regions to the central government. At the same time, because of his implementation of the military farming policy in the local area, it also promoted the development of agricultural production in the Western Regions to a certain extent.

The revocation was removed during the Wang Mang period, and the Eastern Han Dynasty was either established or withdrawn, and the first year of Yongchu of Emperor An (107)

During the Western Han Dynasty, today's Yumen Pass, Gansu, west of Yangguan, that is, today's Xinjiang and further away, are collectively called the Western Regions. This is the Western Region in a broad sense, and the Western Regions in a narrow sense only refers to the areas north and south of the Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang, that is, west of Yumen Pass, west of Yangguan, east of Balkash Lake and the Pamir Mountains, south of the Junggar Desert, and north of the Tibetan Plateau. At the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty, there were 36 small countries here, which were later divided into more than 50 countries.

The countries in the Western Regions are divided into two parts: north and south, with the vast majority of them distributed around the Tarim Basin south of the Tianshan Mountains. The southern edge of the Tarim Basin includes Qiemo, Xiaowan, Jingjue, Hanmi, Khotan, Pishan, Shache and other countries. They are called the southern countries. They are Weixu on the northern edge of the basin. Yanqi, Yuli, Wulei, Kucha, Gumo, Wensu, Yutou, Shule and other countries. They are called the northern countries. In the southwest of the basin, there are Puli and Wulei in the Pamirs area. At the eastern end of the basin, there are Loulan and later called Shanshan.

These countries have different languages, different customs, and are not subordinate to each other. The population is as small as hundreds, tens of thousands, generally thousands to twenty or thirty thousand, and Kucha has the largest population, with only 80,000 people. They are mostly centered on the city walls, and most of them are engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry. A few countries live in animal husbandry and simply engage in animal husbandry. They use livestock products and exchange agricultural products with neighboring countries such as grain. Some countries have developed considerable productivity levels and have mastered iron smelting technology. Loulan people know how to make iron weapons

The Junggar Basin north of the Tianshan Mountains and south of the Balkash Lake is a nomadic area. The Yili River Basin in the west of the basin was originally inhabited by the Sezeng people. During the reign of Emperor Wen of the Western Han Dynasty, the Yuezhi people who were nomadic in Dunhuang and Qilian were forced by the Xiongnu and moved westward to this place and squeezed out the Sezeng people. Later, Wusun, who originally lived in Hexi, also moved westward to get rid of the Xiongnu's bondage, drove the Yuezhi people away and occupied the land. Most of the land wasThe Yuezhi people were forced to move westward to the area north of the Guishui River (now the Amu River), called the Great Yuezhi, and a small part of them stayed behind, called the Xiaoyuezhi. There were 630,000 people in Wusun (including the Saizeng people who lived here and the Yuezhi people). They shared the customs of the Huns and lived a nomadic life of living with water and grass. The gap in the Tianshan Mountains south of the Junggar Basin was controlled by Gushi. Gushi later divided into Cheshiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqi

From Yumen Pass to the Western Regions, there are two main channels: one passes through Loulan (Xianshan) at the eastern end of the Tarim Basin, and turns to the southwest, and travels west along the northern foot of Kunlun Mountain to Shache. It is the south road, and the south road goes west across the Pamir Mountains. It can reach the Dayuezhi, Daxia, Anxi and other countries in Central Asia. The other passes through the Cheshiqian country, and travels west along the southern foot of Tianshan Mountains to Le. It is the north road, and the north road goes west across the Pamir Mountains, and you can reach the Dayuan, Kangju, Yanyan and other countries in Central Asia. It can reach the Dayuan, Kangju, Yanyan and other countries in Central Asia.

At the beginning of Emperor Wen of the Western Han Dynasty, the power of the Xiongnu expanded to the Western Regions, and the position of Tongpu Duwei was set up here to monitor the countries of the Western Regions, levy heavy taxes from them, and use the Western Regions as a strategic base for attacking the northwest of the Western Han Dynasty, posing a great threat to the Western Han Dynasty.

When Emperor Wu of Han fought against the Huns, in order to cut off the right arm of the Huns, in the third year of Jianyuan (138 BC), Zhang Qian, a native of Hanzhong, went to the Western Regions to contact the Dayuezhi, and wanted to take advantage of the conflict between the Dayuezhi and the Huns to attack the Huns together with the Dayuezhi.

Although Zhang Qian failed to complete the mission because the Great Yuezhi was unwilling to return east, he spread the prestige of the Western Han Dynasty on his way west and obtained a large amount of unprecedented information from the Western Regions, which increased the understanding of the Western Han Dynasty and communicated the connection between the Western Han Dynasty and the various ethnic groups in the Western Regions.

After the Battle of Mobei, the Xiongnu Khan retreated to Mobei, and the Hexi Corridor was also controlled by the Western Han Dynasty. The road to the Western Regions had been opened, but the Xiongnu still retained considerable power in the Western Regions, seriously threatening the transportation between the Han and the Western Regions.